Biofilms are among the most frequently underestimated risks in water systems. Even when classic parameters like pH value, turbidity, or conductivity appear stable, biofilms can form unnoticed on surfaces.
A biofilm is a structured community of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced matrix. This structure makes it extremely resistant to disinfection measures.
Why Biofilm is Critical
Biofilms act as a permanent source of contamination. Microorganisms within the matrix are protected from disinfectants and can be continuously released into the water.
A relevant example is Legionnaires' disease, which is often associated with biofilm-contaminated systems such as cooling towers or domestic hot water networks [WHO, Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154995X].
Formation and Growth
Biofilm formation occurs in several phases:
- Attachment of microorganisms to surfaces
- Formation of a protective matrix (EPS)
- Growth and structuring
- Release of cells into the water
Dead zones, rough surfaces, and nutrients significantly accelerate this process.
Impacts on Systems
Health Risks:
Biofilms can contain pathogenic germs such as Legionella or Pseudomonas.
Operational Problems:
Increased flow resistance, fouling, and efficiency losses.
Corrosion:
Microbially induced corrosion leads to material damage and increased maintenance costs.
Limitations of Traditional Monitoring
Standard analyses only detect water, not surfaces.
Core Problem:
Stable readings do not mean the system is clean.
Control Measures
Mechanical Cleaning:
The most effective method for biofilm removal.
Targeted Disinfection:
Oxidizing agents can partially penetrate biofilms but are not sufficient on their own.
Hydraulic Optimization:
Avoidance of stagnation and dead zones.
Material Selection:
Smooth surfaces reduce attachment.
Monitoring:
ATP measurements and sensor systems enable early detection.
Conclusion
Biofilm is a systemic risk often overlooked by traditional methods. Without targeted measures, it leads to recurring contaminations, efficiency losses, and increased health risks.
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